ESPE Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology

Preface: For this year’s chapter on ‘Adrenals’, we have searched the PubMed for articles on ‘adrenal’ or ‘steroidogenesis’ published in English between June 1, 2018 and May 31, 2019. Our search yielded more than 5,000 citations. We have examined all citations individually and selected the following collection of basic research and clinical articles. Whenever possible, we have avoided topics that have been discussed in the Yearbook 2018, unless progress in the field has been incremental. Emerging themes for this year’s chapter include: i) Endogenous glucocorticoids control host resistance to viral infection through the tissue-specific regulation of PD-1 expression on NK cells; ii) Steroidogenic differentiation and PKA signaling are programmed by histone methyltransferase EZH2 in the adrenal cortex; iii) Associations between adrenarcheal hormones, amygdala functional connectivity and anxiety symptoms in children; iv) An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis and management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency; and v) Epigenetic alterations associated with early prenatal dexamethasone treatment.