ESPE Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology

*Equal author contribution

Introduction

For this year’s chapter on ‘Adrenals’, we searched PubMed for articles on ‘adrenal’ or ‘steroidogenesis’ published in English between June 1, 2024 and July 31, 2025. This yielded more than 7,000 citations. We have examined all citations individually and selected the following collection of clinical and basic research articles. Whenever possible, we have avoided topics that have been discussed in the Yearbook 2024, unless progress in the field has been incremental. Emerging themes for this year’s chapter include:i) SKA2 enhances stress-related glucocorticoid receptor signaling through FKBP4–FKBP5 interactions in neurons; ii) Cortisol awakening response prompts dynamic reconfiguration of brain networks in emotional and executive functioning; iii) Gut microbiota regulates stress responsivity via the circadian system; iv) International consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in children and adolescents; v) 17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase Deficiency (17-OHD): A Meta-analysis of Reported Cases; vi) Prevalence of adrenal rest tumors and course of gonadal dysfunction in men with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia; and vii) Immunophenotypic implications of reverse-circadian glucocorticoid treatment in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.