ESPE Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology

Preface: For this year’s chapter on ‘Adrenals’, we have searched the PubMed for articles on ‘adrenal’ or ‘steroidogenesis’ published in English between June 1, 2019 and May 31, 2020. Our search yielded more than 5000 citations. We have examined all citations individually and selected the following collection of basic research and clinical articles. Whenever possible, we have avoided topics that have been discussed in the Yearbook 2019, unless progress in the field has been incremental. Emerging themes for this year’s chapter include: i) Neural circuits that link the cerebral cortex to the adrenal medulla; ii) Cognitive dysfunction in mice lacking proper glucocorticoid receptor dimerization; iii) Long-term outcome of Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia after unilateral adrenalectomy; iv) Efficacy and safety of levoketoconazole in the treatment of endogenous Cushing’s Syndrome; v) Cognitive function of children and adolescents with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia; vi) Carriers of a classical CYP21A2 mutation have reduced mortality; and vii) Brain differences in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus in youth with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.